Informatics Publishing Limited

T. Venkateswara Rao ¹, Ravi Kiran Owku ¹

Affiliations
1 Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla, Guntur (D.T), Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) or “patches,” are dosage forms designed to deliver effective amount of drug across a patient’s skin. In order to deliver therapeutic agents through the human skin for systemic effects, the comprehensive morphological, biophysical and physicochemical properties of the skin are to be considered. Transdermal delivery is advantageous over injectables and oral routes by increasing patient compliance and avoiding first pass metabolism respectively. Several important advantages of transdermal drug delivery are limitation of hepatic first pass metabolism, enhancement of therapeutic efficiency and maintenance of steady plasma level of the drug. The evidence of percutaneous drug absorption found through measurable blood levels of the drug, detectable excretion of the drug and its metabolites in the urine and through the clinical response of the patient to the administered drug therapy.

Keywords

TDDS, Evaluations.

Full Text

     

Ron Barker ¹, T. Venkateswara Rao ², M. Thangarajan ²

Affiliations
1 University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TI, GB
2 National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad.- 500 007, IN

Abstract

Much of the seventy five percent of India that is underlain by shallow granitic and gneissic basement suffers from a shortage of water, but it is precisely these areas where siting successful boreholes for water supply is a difficult problem. Geophysical methods, especially resistivity sounding, are commonly employed to improve the drilling success rate, but the techniques are time consuming, subject to considerable ambiguity and still have scope for considerable improvement. In the Dindigul area of Tamil Nadu, we have tested new electrical tomography (imaging) techniques to provide detailed 'pictures' of the sub-surface that show variations in bedrock topography and the nature and thickness of the overburden. The resulting images can be used to plan borehole investigations more cost effectively.

Keywords

Electrical Imaging, Potential Boreholes, Hard Rock Region, Kodaganar River Basin, Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu.

Full Text

     

M. Surendra ¹, T. Venkateswara Rao ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla, Guntur (D.t), Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 Department of pharmaceutics, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla, Guntur (D.t), Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Solid dispersion is the science of dispersing one (or) more active ingredients in an inert carriers (or) matrix at solid state prepared by melting solvent method (or) solvent evaporation method. Sparingly water soluble drugs often show an erratic dissolution profile in gastrointestinal fluids which consequently results variable oral bio-availability. To improve the dissolution and bioavailability of these drugs, various techniques such as solvent evaporation method, melting method, super critical fluid process, spray drying, lyophilisation, melt agglomeration, extrusion kneading method. The various inert carriers such as acids, polymeric materials, insoluble (or) enteric polymers, surfactants etc. PEG, PVP, lactose, Mannitol, Cyclodextrins and HPMC were used to increased solubility. Solid dispersions were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Solid dispersions of ibuprofen were prepared to increase its aqueous solubility using carriers such as mannitol, urea, and sorbitol. Ibuprofen solid dispersions were prepared in 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 ratios of the drug to carriers (w/w). The prepared solid dispersion were evaluated for physical parameters like Angle of repose, Bulk density, Carr’s index, Hausner ratio and Invitro drug release studies. Invitro drug release profile of solid dispersions were comparatively evaluated and also studied against pure Ibuprofen. Higher dissolution rate were exhibited by solid dispersions containing 1:3 ratio of Ibuprofen with urea, the rate of drug release was depended on the type, ratio of drug to carrier and method of dispersions.

Keywords

Solid Dispersions, Ibuprofen, Carriers, Solvent Evaporation Method.

Full Text

     

Y. Sirisha ¹, T. Venkateswara Rao ¹

Affiliations
1 Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla Educational Society, Bapatla, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh-522101, IN

Abstract

Carvedilol is a non selective α and β receptor blocker which undergoes extensive hepatic first pass metabolism by liver and has poor oral bioavailability of 25% - 30%. In the present investigation Carvedilol was formulated as a bilayered buccal adhesive tablets in order to avoid the firstpass effect and decrease the drug loss using different polymers and excipients. Twelve formulations were made using different concentrations (17%w/w, 35%w/w, 53%w/w) of Carbopol934P, HPMC (3500-6000cps), HPC and Guar gum. The formulations were tested for %weight variation, hardness, Friability, %Drug content, in-vitro drug release, surface pH, Swelling index and Mucoadhesive strength. Mucoadhesive strength was determined by the modified balance method in grams and was found to be between 27.75±0.234gm to 75.94±0.146gm and Surface pH was found to be 7. In-vitro release studies revealed that as polymer concentration increases from 17% to 53%w/w, rate of drug release was retarded and the data was fitted into pharmacokinetic models. Among all other formulations, formulations (F₄,F₈ and F₁₁) containing 17%w/w HPMC, 35%w/wHPC and 35%w/w Guar gum were found to be best as the release was retarded upto 8.5 hours and they have good mucoadhesive strength and they follow zero order with non-fickian diffusion mechanism.

Keywords

Bilayered Buccal Tablets, Carvedilol, Carbopol934P, HPMC, HPC, Guar Gum.

Full Text

     

R. Aruna ¹, T. Venkateswara Rao ²

Affiliations
1 Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla Educational Society, Bapatla, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh-522101, IN
2 Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla Educational Society, Bapatla, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh-522101, IN

Abstract

Diltiazem hydrochloride is a calcium channel blocker which undergoes extensive hepatic first pass metabolism by liver; its absorption from upper part of GIT is very low and has poor oral bioavailability of 40% - 60%. In the present investigation Diltiazem Hydrochloride was formulated as a bilayer floating tablets in order to achieve the Gastric residence time and to minimize the flactuations in blood level i.e the drug was released from the SR layer. Bilayer floating tablets were prepared by wet granulation method. Immediate release layer was formulated by using various suerdisintegrantents such as sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium and crospovidone and sustained release layer was formulated by different grades hydrophilic polymers i.e. HPMCK4M, HPMCE5 and HPMCK100M.The drug- excipient compatibility studies were conducted by IR spectroscopy. The tablets were evaluated for weight variation hardness, friability, drug content, swelling index, in-vitro buoyancy studies and in-vitro dissolution studies. The drug was released from an immediate release layer was 20mins followed by sustained release layer for 12hrs.The dissolution data were fitted into zero order, first order, Higuchi and Peppas mechanism. The drug release from the formulation F20 followed first order kinetics and exhibited Peppas transport mechanism.

Keywords

Diltiazem Hydrochloride, SSG, Croscarmellose Sodium, Crosovidone, HPMCK4M, HMCE5, HPMCK100M.

Full Text

     

S. K. Salma Banu ¹, T. Venkateswara Rao ¹

Affiliations
1 Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla Educational Society, Bapatla, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh-522101, IN

Abstract

Glipizide, a second generation sulfonylurea is effective in controlling the blood glucose in patients with Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. As Glipizide possess short biological half life (2-4 hrs), the concept of Bilayered tablet technology was used to formulate Glipizide as Sustained release tablet formulation. In order to overcome the disproportionate release of drug during intial period in case of general sustained release tablet formulations the concept of Bilayered tablets was utilized. Moreover by fabricating drugs in the form of Bilayered tablets, one can improve the Cmax and the speed of appearance of the drug in patient. Bilayered tablets formulated through Direct Compression was comprised of immediate, sustained release layers were formulated and evaluated through %Weight variation, Hardness, Friability, %Drug content, Swelling index and In-vitro drug release studies. 30% of the drug present in the immediate release layer was released within first 20 minutes and the remaining 70% of the drug release was sustained based on the polymer selected. The formulation comprised of HPC and HPMC as the polymers sustained the drug release for 12hrs and was found to be the best formulations.

Keywords

Bilayered Tablets, Glipizide, PVP K-30, Spray Dried Lactose, HPC, HPMC.

Full Text

     

M. Surendra ¹, T. Venkateswara Rao ², K. Lokeswara Reddy ², A. Ramesh Babu ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla, Guntur (D.t), Andhra Pradesh-522101, IN
2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla, Guntur (D.t), Andhra Pradesh-522101, IN

Abstract

Microencapsulation by Ionic gelation technique is an approach to achieve controlled release of drug and mucoadhesive microcapsules were designed to improve the absorption and bioavailability of drug. Microcapsules of Aceclofenac were formulated by employing sodium alginate, two natural polymers-gum kondagogu and gum karaya. The prepared microcapsules were free flowing, discrete spherical shape was characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Microencapsulation efficiency was in the range of 60-80% and they exhibited good mucoadhesive property. Invitro dissolution data revealed that formulations exhibit the zero order kinetics and followed non-fickian diffusion transport mechanism. The GI residence time of microcapsules were studied by X-Ray photographs. In-vitro release profile of formulation (F3) was found similar to that of marketed formulation. Preclinical pharmacological activity i.e. analgesic activity was conducted. This formulation exhibited the significant analgesic activity Mucoadhesive microcapsules prepared with sodium alginate, gum karaya and gum kondagogu found to be suitable for oral controlled release.

Keywords

Aceclofenac, Ionic-Gelation Method, Entrapment Efficiency, in Vitro Release.

Full Text